H & C Concrete Sealer Solvent Based Reviews
| H | |
|---|---|
| H h | |
| (Run across below) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Blazon | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage | [h] [x] [ħ] [0̸] [ɦ] [ɥ] [ʜ] [ʔ] [◌ʰ] [ç] |
| Unicode codepoint | U+0048, U+0068 |
| Alphabetical position | 8 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time period | ~-700 to present |
| Descendants | Ħ Ƕ Ⱶ Һ ʰ h ħ |
| Sisters | И Һ Ԧ ח ح ܚ ࠄ ࠇ 𐎅 𐎈 Հ հ |
| Variations | (Run across below) |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | h(x), ch, gh, nh, ph, sh, ſh, th, wh, (ten)h |
H, or h, is the eighth letter of the alphabet in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is aitch (pronounced , plural aitches), or regionally haitch .[1]
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph fence | Proto-Sinaitic ḥaṣr | Phoenician Heth | Greek Heta | Etruscan H | Latin H |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |  |  |     | |  |
The original Semitic letter Heth almost likely represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (ħ). The form of the letter probably stood for a fence or posts.
The Greek Eta 'Η' in archaic Greek alphabets, earlier coming to correspond a long vowel, /ɛː/, yet represented a like sound, the voiceless glottal fricative /h/. In this context, the alphabetic character eta is as well known every bit Heta to underline this fact. Thus, in the Quondam Italic alphabets, the letter Heta of the Euboean alphabet was adopted with its original sound value /h/.
While Etruscan and Latin had /h/ every bit a phoneme, most all Romance languages lost the audio—Romanian later re-borrowed the /h/ phoneme from its neighbouring Slavic languages, and Spanish developed a secondary /h/ from /f/, before losing it again; various Spanish dialects have developed [h] as an allophone of /s/ or /x/ in most Castilian-speaking countries, and various dialects of Portuguese use it as an allophone of /ʀ/. 'H' is also used in many spelling systems in digraphs and trigraphs, such as 'ch', which represents /tʃ/ in Spanish, Galician, Old Portuguese, and English; /ʃ/ in French and modern Portuguese; /k/ in Italian, French, and English language; /ten/ in German, Czech, Polish, Slovak, one native discussion of English, and a few loanwords into English language; and /ç/ in High german.
Name in English
For most English speakers, the proper name for the alphabetic character is pronounced as and spelled "aitch"[1] or occasionally "eitch". The pronunciation and the associated spelling "haitch" is often considered to exist h-adding and is considered nonstandard in England.[2] It is, withal, a feature of Hiberno-English language,[3] too as scattered varieties of Edinburgh, England, and Welsh English,[4] and in Commonwealth of australia and Nova Scotia.
The perceived name of the letter affects the choice of indefinite commodity before initialisms beginning with H: for example "an H-bomb" or "a H-flop". The pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ may be a hypercorrection formed by analogy with the names of the other letters of the alphabet, most of which include the sound they represent.[v]
The haitch pronunciation of h has spread in England, beingness used by approximately 24% of English people built-in since 1982,[6] and polls continue to show this pronunciation becoming more than common amongst younger native speakers. Despite this increasing number, the pronunciation without the /h/ sound is however considered to be standard in England, although the pronunciation with /h/ is also attested every bit a legitimate variant.[2] In Northern Ireland, the pronunciation of the letter has been used as a shibboleth, with Catholics typically pronouncing it with the /h/ and Protestants pronouncing the letter without it.[vii]
Authorities disagree about the history of the letter's name. The Oxford English Dictionary says the original proper noun of the letter was [ˈaha] in Latin; this became [ˈaka] in Vulgar Latin, passed into English via Old French [atʃ], and past Eye English was pronounced [aːtʃ]. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Linguistic communication derives it from French hache from Latin haca or hic. Anatoly Liberman suggests a conflation of 2 obsolete orderings of the alphabet, one with H immediately followed by Thousand and the other without whatsoever Thousand: reciting the one-time'south ..., H, Thousand, 50,... as [...(h)a ka el ...] when reinterpreted for the latter ..., H, L,... would imply a pronunciation [(h)a ka] for H.[8]
Use in writing systems
English language
In English language, ⟨h⟩ occurs as a single-letter grapheme (being either silent or representing the voiceless glottal fricative () and in various digraphs, such equally ⟨ch⟩ , , , or ), ⟨gh⟩ (silent, /ɡ/, /k/, /p/, or /f/), ⟨ph⟩ (/f/), ⟨rh⟩ (/r/), ⟨sh⟩ (), ⟨th⟩ ( or ), ⟨wh⟩ (/hw/ [nine]). The alphabetic character is silent in a syllable rime, as in ah, ohm, dahlia, chetah, pooh-poohed, equally well equally in certain other words (more often than not of French origin) such equally hour, honest, herb (in American but not British English) and vehicle (in sure varieties of English). Initial /h/ is oft not pronounced in the weak grade of some function words including had, has, have, he, her, him, his, and in some varieties of English (including about regional dialects of England and Wales) information technology is often omitted in all words (meet '⟨h⟩'-dropping). It was formerly common for an rather than a to be used every bit the indefinite article before a give-and-take beginning with /h/ in an unstressed syllable, every bit in "an historian", but use of a is now more usual (encounter English language articles § Indefinite article). In English, The pronunciation of ⟨h⟩ as /h/ can be analyzed every bit a voiceless vowel. That is, when the phoneme /h/ precedes a vowel, /h/ may be realized every bit a voiceless version of the subsequent vowel. For example the word ⟨striking⟩, /hɪt/ is realized as [ɪ̥ɪt].[ten] H is the eighth most frequently used letter in the English language (after S, North, I, O, A, T, and Eastward), with a frequency of about 4.2% in words.[ citation needed ] When h is placed afterwards certain other consonants, it modifies their pronunciation in diverse ways, eastward.k. for ch, gh, ph, sh, and thursday.
Other languages
In the German language, the name of the letter is pronounced /haː/. Post-obit a vowel, it frequently silently indicates that the vowel is long: In the word erhöhen ('enhance'), the second ⟨h⟩ is mute for most speakers outside of Switzerland. In 1901, a spelling reform eliminated the silent ⟨h⟩ in nearly all instances of ⟨th⟩ in native German words such equally thun ('to do') or Thür ('door'). It has been left unchanged in words derived from Greek, such as Theater ('theater') and Thron ('throne'), which continue to be spelled with ⟨th⟩ fifty-fifty subsequently the final High german spelling reform.
In Spanish and Portuguese, ⟨h⟩ (" hache " in Spanish, pronounced ['atʃe], or agá in Portuguese, pronounced [aˈɣa] or [ɐˈɡa]) is a silent letter of the alphabet with no pronunciation, as in hijo [ˈixo] ('son') and húngaro [ˈũɡaɾu] ('Hungarian'). The spelling reflects an earlier pronunciation of the audio /h/. In words where the ⟨h⟩ is derived from a Latin /f/, information technology is still sometimes pronounced with the value [h] in some regions of Andalusia, Extremadura, Canarias, Cantabria, and the Americas. Some words get-go with [je] or [we], such equally hielo , 'water ice' and huevo , 'egg', were given an initial ⟨h⟩ to avoid confusion betwixt their initial semivowels and the consonants ⟨j⟩ and ⟨v⟩. This is because ⟨j⟩ and ⟨five⟩ used to be considered variants of ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ respectively. ⟨h⟩ as well appears in the digraph ⟨ch⟩, which represents /tʃ/ in Castilian and northern Portugal, and /ʃ/ in varieties that have merged both sounds (the latter originally represented past ⟨x⟩ instead), such as most of the Portuguese language and some Spanish dialects, prominently Chilean Spanish.
In French, the proper noun of the letter is written as "ache" and pronounced /aʃ/. The French orthography classifies words that brainstorm with this letter in two ways, one of which can affect the pronunciation, even though it is a silent letter either way. The H muet, or "mute" ⟨h⟩, is considered equally though the letter were not there at all, so for example the singular definite article le or la, which is elided to l' before a vowel, elides before an H muet followed by a vowel. For case, le + hébergement becomes fifty'hébergement ('the accommodation'). The other kind of ⟨h⟩ is called h aspiré ("aspirated '⟨h⟩'", though it is non commonly aspirated phonetically), and does non allow elision or liaison. For example in le homard ('the lobster') the commodity le remains unelided, and may be separated from the noun with a bit of a glottal finish. Virtually words that begin with an H muet come from Latin (honneur, homme) or from Greek through Latin (hécatombe), whereas most words beginning with an H aspiré come from Germanic (harpe, hareng) or not-Indo-European languages (harem, hamac, haricot); in some cases, an orthographic ⟨h⟩ was added to disambiguate the [5] and semivowel [ɥ] pronunciations before the introduction of the distinction between the letters ⟨five⟩ and ⟨u⟩: huit (from uit, ultimately from Latin octo), huître (from uistre, ultimately from Greek through Latin ostrea).
In Italian, ⟨h⟩ has no phonological value. Its most of import uses are in the digraphs 'ch' /m/ and 'gh' /ɡ/, as well every bit to differentiate the spellings of certain short words that are homophones, for instance some nowadays tense forms of the verb avere ('to have') (such as hanno, 'they take', vs. anno, 'year'), and in curt interjections (oh, ehi).
Some languages, including Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian utilize ⟨h⟩ as a breathy voiced glottal fricative [ɦ], often as an allophone of otherwise voiceless /h/ in a voiced environs.
In Hungarian, the letter has no fewer than 5 pronunciations, with three additional uses as a productive and non-productive element of digraphs. The letter h may stand for /h/ as in the name of the Székely boondocks Hargita; intervocalically it represents /ɦ/ as in tehén; it represents /10/ in the word doh; it represents /ç/ in ihlet; and it is silent in cseh. Every bit function of a digraph, it represents, in primitive spelling, /t͡ʃ/ with the letter c as in the name Széchenyi; it represents, again, with the letter c, /x/ in pech (which is pronounced [pɛxː]); in sure environments information technology breaks palatalization of a consonant, as in the name Beöthy which is pronounced [bøːti] (without the intervening h, the proper name Beöty could be pronounced [bøːc]); and finally, it acts every bit a silent component of a digraph, as in the name Vargha, pronounced [vɒrgɒ].
In Ukrainian and Belarusian, when written in the Latin alphabet, ⟨h⟩ is also commonly used for /ɦ/, which is otherwise written with the Cyrillic letter of the alphabet ⟨г⟩.
In Irish, ⟨h⟩ is not considered an independent letter, except for a very few non-native words, however ⟨h⟩ placed after a consonant is known as a "séimhiú" and indicates lenition of that consonant; ⟨h⟩ began to replace the original form of a séimhiú, a dot placed to a higher place the consonant, afterward the introduction of typewriters.
In nearly dialects of Polish, both ⟨h⟩ and the digraph ⟨ch⟩ always represent /10/.
In Basque, during the 20th century it was not used in the orthography of the Basque dialects in Spain only it marked an aspiration in the North-Eastern dialects. During the standardization of Basque in the 1970s, the compromise was reached that h would be accepted if it were the first consonant in a syllable. Hence, herri ("people") and etorri ("to come") were accepted instead of erri (Biscayan) and ethorri (Souletin). Speakers could pronounce the h or non. For the dialects lacking the aspiration, this meant a complication added to the standardized spelling.
Other systems
As a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), it is used mainly for the then-called aspirations (fricative or trills), and variations of the plainly letter of the alphabet are used to represent two sounds: the lowercase form ⟨h⟩ represents the voiceless glottal fricative, and the small capital form ⟨ʜ⟩ represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative (or trill). With a bar, minuscule ⟨ħ⟩ is used for a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Specific to the IPA, a hooked ⟨ɦ⟩ is used for a voiced glottal fricative, and a superscript ⟨ʰ⟩ is used to correspond aspiration.
- H with diacritics: Ĥ ĥ Ȟ ȟ Ħ ħ Ḩ ḩ Ⱨ ⱨ ẖ ẖ Ḥ ḥ Ḣ ḣ Ḧ ḧ Ḫ ḫ ꞕ Ꜧ ꜧ
- IPA-specific symbols related to H: ʜ ꟸ ɦ ʰ ʱ ɥ ᶣ [11]
- ᴴ : Modifier letter H is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[12]
- ₕ : Subscript pocket-sized h was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902[thirteen]
- ʰ : Modifier letter small h is used in Indo-European studies[xiv]
- ʮ and ʯ : Turned H with fishhook and turned H with fishhook and tail are used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics[xv]
- Ƕ ƕ : Latin letter hwair, derived from a ligature of the digraph hv, and used to transliterate the Gothic letter of the alphabet 𐍈 (which represented the sound [hʷ])
- Ⱶ ⱶ : Claudian letters[16]
- Ꟶ ꟶ : Reversed half h used in Roman inscriptions from the Roman provinces of Gaul[17]
Ancestors, siblings, and descendants in other alphabets
- 𐤇 : Semitic letter of the alphabet Heth, from which the following symbols derive
- Η η : Greek letter Eta, from which the following symbols derive
- 𐌇 : Old Italic H, the ancestor of modern Latin H
- ᚺ, ᚻ : Runic alphabetic character haglaz, which is probably a descendant of Sometime Italic H
- Һ һ : Cyrillic letter Shha, which derives from Latin H
- И и : Cyrillic letter И, which derives from the Greek letter Eta
- 𐌷 : Gothic letter of the alphabet haal
- 𐌇 : Old Italic H, the ancestor of modern Latin H
- Η η : Greek letter Eta, from which the following symbols derive
Derived signs, symbols, and abbreviations
- h : Planck constant
- ℏ : reduced Planck constant
- : Blackboard bold capital H used in quaternion note
Calculating codes
| Preview | H | h | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN Capital letter LETTER H | LATIN SMALL Letter of the alphabet H | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | december | hex |
| Unicode | 72 | U+0048 | 104 | U+0068 |
| UTF-8 | 72 | 48 | 104 | 68 |
| Numeric graphic symbol reference | H | H | h | h |
| EBCDIC family | 200 | C8 | 136 | 88 |
| ASCII 1 | 72 | 48 | 104 | 68 |
one and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859, and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
See as well
- American Sign Language grammar
- List of Egyptian hieroglyphs#H
References
- ^ a b "H" Oxford English Lexicon, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Entire (1993); "aitch" or "haitch", op. cit.
- ^ a b "'Haitch' or 'aitch'? How do you pronounce 'H'?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved three September 2016.
- ^ Dolan, T. P. (i January 2004). A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish gaelic Employ of English. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN9780717135356. Archived from the original on 17 Jan 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2016 – via Google Books.
- ^ Vaux, Bert. The Cambridge Online Survey of World Englishes Archived 24 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine. University of Cambridge.
- ^ Todd, L. & Hancock I.: "International English Ipod", folio 254. Routledge, 1990.
- ^ John C. Wells, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, page 360, Pearson, Harlow, 2008
- ^ Dolan, T. P. (ane January 2004). A Lexicon of Hiberno-English: The Irish Use of English language. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN9780717135356.
- ^ Liberman, Anatoly (7 August 2013). "Alphabet soup, part 2: H and Y". Oxford Etymologist. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on iv October 2013. Retrieved 3 Oct 2013.
- ^ In many dialects, /hw/ and /west/ have merged
- ^ "phonology - Why is /h/ called voiceless vowel phonetically, and /h/ consonant phonologically?". Linguistics Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved v May 2019.
- ^ Constable, Peter (19 April 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add boosted phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (twenty March 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 Feb 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (27 January 2009). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (7 June 2004). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (20 September 2001). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add half-dozen phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ Everson, Michael (12 August 2005). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ West, Andrew; Everson, Michael (25 March 2019). "L2/19-092: Proposal to encode Latin Letter Reversed Half H" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to H. |
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H
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